1. Electoral Bonds Scheme Declared Unconstitutional
In a landmark judgment, a five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court declared the Electoral Bonds Scheme unconstitutional. The scheme, introduced in 2018, allowed individuals and corporations to purchase bonds anonymously and donate them to political parties. The Court held that the scheme undermined transparency in political funding and violated the citizens' right to a free and fair election, as enshrined in the Constitution. This decision mandates the government to establish a more transparent mechanism for political donations, ensuring accountability in the electoral process.
2. Affirmation of Same-Sex Marriage Rights
The Supreme Court delivered a historic verdict affirming the right to same-sex marriage. A five-judge Constitution Bench unanimously recognized that the right to marry a person of one's choice is a fundamental right under the Constitution, extending this right to same-sex couples. The Court directed the government to amend the Special Marriage Act and other relevant laws to facilitate the registration of same-sex marriages, thereby ensuring equal rights and protections for LGBTQ+ individuals.
3. Upholding the Constitutionality of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act
In a significant decision, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, which incorporates the provisions of the Assam Accord. The majority opinion emphasized balancing humanitarian concerns with the protection of the local population. However, there was a dissenting opinion arguing that the provision had become unconstitutional over time due to its arbitrary nature and ineffective enforcement mechanisms.
4. Protection of Journalistic Freedom
The Supreme Court reinforced the importance of press freedom by quashing multiple FIRs filed against a prominent journalist accused of sedition and other charges. The Court emphasized that dissent is a vital component of democracy and that the arbitrary use of sedition laws to suppress free speech is unconstitutional. This judgment serves as a precedent to prevent the misuse of legal provisions against journalists and upholds the fundamental right to freedom of expression.
5. Guidelines on Reservation in Promotions
Addressing the contentious issue of reservations in promotions, the Supreme Court issued comprehensive guidelines to ensure a uniform and fair application across all government departments. The Court mandated that reservations in promotions must be based on quantifiable data demonstrating the backwardness of the class and the inadequacy of their representation in public employment. This decision aims to balance the principles of equality and affirmative action in public service appointments.
6. Clarification on the Powers of Enforcement Directorate
The Supreme Court clarified the extent of powers vested in the Enforcement Directorate (ED) under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). The Court ruled that while the ED has broad investigative powers, these must be exercised within the constitutional framework, ensuring that individual rights are not infringed upon. The judgment seeks to prevent potential misuse of authority by investigative agencies and protect citizens' fundamental rights.
7. Recognition of Digital Privacy Rights
In a progressive ruling, the Supreme Court recognized the right to digital privacy as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. The Court directed the government to establish robust data protection laws to safeguard citizens' personal information in the digital realm. This judgment underscores the need for comprehensive legislation to address privacy concerns in the age of digital technology.
8. Verdict on the Validity of Anti-Conversion Laws
The Supreme Court examined the constitutionality of various state-enacted anti-conversion laws aimed at preventing religious conversions through coercion or allurement. The Court upheld the validity of such laws, provided they do not infringe upon an individual's right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. The judgment emphasizes the delicate balance between preventing forced conversions and protecting religious freedoms.
9. Decision on the Regulation of OTT Platforms
Addressing the regulation of Over-The-Top (OTT) platforms, the Supreme Court ruled that content on these platforms falls under the purview of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. The Court emphasized the need for a regulatory framework that does not stifle creativity but ensures content does not violate laws or public order. This decision aims to balance creative freedom with societal norms and legal standards.
10. Judgment on Environmental Protection and Development
In a case concerning the balance between environmental protection and developmental activities, the Supreme Court reiterated that sustainable development is a constitutional requirement. The Court directed that any developmental project must undergo a rigorous environmental impact assessment and obtain necessary clearances before commencement. This judgment reinforces the principle that economic development must not come at the cost of environmental degradation.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court's judgments in December 2024 reflect a commitment to upholding constitutional values, protecting individual rights, and ensuring justice. These decisions have far-reaching implications, influencing various facets of law and society, and underscore the judiciary's role in shaping the legal landscape of the nation.
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